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名词单数变复数的十大规则以及名词单数变复数时S/ES的发音规则

杏彩体育2年前 (2022-12-01)乒乓球资讯51

原标题：名词单数变复数的十大规则以及名词单数变复数时S/ES的发音规则

Nouns: Common Nouns and Proper Nouns

名词：普通名词与专有名词

A noun is a word that names a person, an animal, a place, a thing, or an idea. All nouns can be further classified as a proper or common noun. A common noun is a general way of classifying something, and a proper noun is a specific way of classifying something, and proper nouns are always capitalized in English, no matter where they fall in a sentence.

名词是表示人物、动物、地点、物品或概念的词。名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词指人或事物总类的名词。专有名词指的是表示特定的人或事物的名词，一般情况下专有名词的首字母要大写。

So, for example, the word dog is a common noun; but if your dog was called Fido, the word Fido is a proper noun.

比如，dog这个词是一个普通名词；但如果狗的名字叫Fido，Fido这个词就是一个专有名词。

★ My favorite newspaper (common noun) is the Washington Post (proper noun).

★ Her husband (common noun) is called Frank (proper noun).

★ The award-winning Babe Ruth (proper noun) is the greatest baseball player (common noun) in history.

Concrete Nouns and Abstract Nouns:

具体名词与抽象名词：

◆ Concrete Nouns are nouns that can be physically experienced through taste, touch, sight, hearing, or smell.

具体名词是通过五感可以看到或接触到的名词，如book, tree, water, sand, pen, house, sugar, phone, cloud, petrol, boy, girl, teacher, student等。

◆ Abstract Nouns, unlike concrete nouns, are ideas, concepts and emotions.

抽象名词指抽象概念的名称,这些概念是看不见摸不着，这类名词包括想法、概念、情绪等。如love, beauty, happiness, youth, failure, success等。

Countable and Uncountable Nouns:

可数名词和不可数名词：

Countable nouns are for things we can count using numbers. They have a singular and a plural form. The singular form can use the determiner "a" or "an". If you want to ask about the quantity of a countable noun, you ask "How many?" combined with the plural countable noun.

可数名词是可以用数目来计算的名词。可数名词有单数和复数形式。单数形式可以用限定词 “a”或 “an”来修饰。用“How many + 可数名词的复数形式?”提问。

★ She has three dogs.

★ 她有三只狗。

★ I would like two books please.

★ 我想要两本书，谢谢。

★ How many friends do you have?

★ 你有多少个朋友？

Uncountable nouns or noncount nouns are for the things that we cannot count with numbers. They usually do not have a plural form. We cannot use a/an or a number with these nouns. To express a quantity of an uncountable noun, use a word or expression like some, a lot of, much, a bit of, a great deal of, or use an exact measurement like a cup of, a bag of, 1kg of, 1L of, a handful of, a pinch of. If you want to ask about the quantity of an uncountable noun, you ask "How much?"

不可数名词是无法用数目来计算的名词，没有复数形式。不能用限定词 “a”或 “an”或者数字来修饰。要想表达数量，我们可以用some，a lot of，much，a bit of，a great deal of，或 a cup of，a bag of，1kg of，1L of，a handful of（一把），a pinch of（一撮）等词。用“How much?”提问。

Types of Uncountable Nouns不可数名词有哪些:

◆ Liquids and Gases液体和气体: water, juice, milk, beer, tea, olive oil, soup, blood, honey, gas, air, petrol, gasoline, oxygen, nitrogen

◆ Powders粉末: sugar, flour, salt, rice, sand, soil, dust

◆ Materials材料: wood, plastic, metal, paper, silk, gold, copper, iron, stone, glass

◆ Food食物: fruit, meat, chicken, beef, pork, mutton, fish cheese, bread, butter

◆ Subject学科: art, geography, English, science, biology, physics

◆ Natural Phenomenon自然现象: fog, ice, rain, snow, weather, sunrise, sunset

◆ Names of Sports and Activities运动或活动的名称:

baseball, dancing, yoga, hockey, reading, hiking

◆ Abstract Ideas抽象概念: time, information, love, beauty, knowledge, happiness, money, advice, education, pride, wisdom, trust, youth

★ There has been a lot of research into the causes of this disease.

★ 对这种疾病的病因研究已有很多。

★ He gave me a great deal of advice before my interview.

★ 他在面试前给了我很多建议。

★ How much bread do you need?

★你需要多少面包？

Countable nouns have singular and plural forms:

可数名词的单数和复数：

Plural Nouns Rules可数名词单数变复数规则:

1. Add S to form the plural of most nouns:

大多数名词变复数直接在名词末尾加s:

girl – girls / apples – apples/ tree - trees

2. Add ES to nouns that end in ch, sh, s, x, or z:

以ch, sh, s, x, z结尾名词加es:

bench – benches / dish – dishes /

bus – buses/box - boxes

有时需要双写辅音字母，再加es, 如quizzes，当ch发/k/音时，直接加s，如stomachs。

3. For nouns that end in Y with a consonant before the Y, change the Y to I and add ES:

以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，变y为i，再加es:

candy – candies / puppy - puppies

4. For nouns that end in Y with a vowel before the Y, just add S:

以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词，直接在词尾加s:

toy – toys / monkey – monkeys / boy - boys

5. For nouns that end in F or FE, drop the F or FE and add VES:

以f或fe结尾的名词，去掉f或fe，加ves:

loaf – loaves / knife – knives / leaf – leaves/

wife – wives / shelf – shelves / thief - thieves

例外: beliefs, roofs, chefs, proofs, handcuffs, safes保险柜; 当以ff结尾时，直接加s，如cliffs。

6. For nouns that end with a consonant before an O, add ES:

以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词加es:

potato – potatoes 土豆 / tomato – tomatoes 西红柿

cargo – cargoes 货物 / echo – echoes 回声

hero – heroes 英雄

例外: zeros, photos, tacos, pianos, autos.

以“元音字母+o”结尾的名词，直接在词尾加s，如radios收音机，stereos音响, bamboos竹子, zoos动物园, ratios比率。

7. Some nouns, change the spelling of the singular noun:

不规则变化：Man-men, woman-women, child-children, mouse-mice, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese, ox-oxen, person-people, die-dice

8. Some nouns, use the same singular and plural form:

单复同形：deer-deer; fish-fish; sheep-sheep;

moose-moose; aircraft – aircraft; Chinese – Chinese; Japanese – Japanese; Swiss - Swiss

9. Some nouns are never singular, and we always use their plural forms:

有些名词我们只使用其复数形式：

★ trousers裤子; jeans牛仔裤; pants裤子;

★ glasses眼镜; sunglasses太阳镜; clothes衣服;

★ scissors剪刀; pajamas睡衣; gloves手套;

★ suspenders吊带; spectacles眼镜; scales天平;

★ shoes鞋; shorts短裤; socks袜子; stockings长筒袜；

★ ashes灰尘; remains残骸; belongings财产;

★ savings储蓄; commons平民; stairs楼梯; wages工资;

★ outskirts郊区; surroundings环境; lodgings出租屋

10. Words about nouns in English that have Latin and Greek origins:

拉丁语和希腊语来源的英语名词变复数：

How to Say Plural Endings -S/-ES:

名词变复数S/ES的发音规则:

The way this ending is pronounced depends on the last sound of the noun in singular form. There are three different cases:

名词变复数时词尾的发音取决于名词单数形式时最后一个发音，有三种情况：

◆ We say /s/ after the voiceless consonants /f, k, p, t, θ/:

在清辅音/f, k, p, t, θ/后发/s/:

cups /kʌps/; book / bʊks/; hats /hæts/.

◆ We say /z/ after voiced consonants /b, d, g, l, m, n, ŋ, r v, ð/ and vowel sounds:

在浊辅音/b, d, g, l, m, n, ŋ, r v, ð/和元音后发/z/:

beds /bedz/; games /geɪmz/;

toys /tɔɪz/; parties /ˈpɑ:tiz/

◆ We say /ɪz/ for nouns with the final sound /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/, usually including nouns that end in ch, sh, s, x, or z that we add ES for the plural:

以/s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/结尾的名词，通常包括以ch, sh, s, x, z结尾的名词加es变复数，发/ɪz/：

buses /bʌsɪz/; wish /wɪʃɪz/; ages /eidʒiz/;

watches /wɔtʃiz/; foxes /fɔksiz/

★ My sister has one child; my brother has two children.

★ 我姐姐有一个孩子；我弟弟有两个孩子。

★ I’m a quiet person, so I don’t talk to many people.

★ 我是个安静的人，所以我不和很多人说话。

★ Did you catch one fish or two fish at the lake?

★ 你在湖边抓了一条鱼还是两条鱼？

★ I have one pair of glasses and two pairs of sunglasses.

★我有一副眼镜和两副太阳镜。

★ He has one cactus in his front yard, but many cacti in his backyard.