给大家科普一下世界杯小球是几个球(2022已更新(今日/知乎)
我的建议是对着规则一条一条来读，虽然这个过程十分枯燥和无聊。免得和大多数人一样思维惯性似的得到那种像姆巴佩那个进球一样的错误认知。逐条来看。从英足总抓下来的的东西：
如果英文水平有限，也可以参考这个香港足球总会的翻译件：
首先讲个东西叫做越位位置，这个东西是弄明白越位为什么是越位的基础。因为如果没有人处在越位位置，越位这种犯规行为就不会存在。下面就对照原文逐条解释：
越位位置
It is not an offence to be in an offside position.
开宗明义第一条，处在越位位置并不构成犯规（也就是越位）。
A player is in an offside position if:
后面下定义，什么叫处在越位位置？
一个球员只要符合下列的一条就属于处在越位位置：
any part of the head, body or feet is in the opponents’ half (excluding the halfway line) andany part of the head, body or feet is nearer to the opponents’ goal line than both the ball and the second-last opponent（一个本方队友的）头、身体、脚的任意一部分处在对方半场（包括中场线）并且这个部分比球和倒数第二个对方队员更靠近得分线
The hands and arms of all players, including the goalkeepers, are not considered. For the purposes of determining offside, the upper boundary of the arm is in line with the bottom of the armpit.
所有队友的手和手臂，包括守门员的，都不考虑在内。为了（准确）判定越位，手臂的上边界只算到腋窝底部。
A player is not in an offside position if level with the:
second-last opponent orlast two opponents当一个队员与倒数第二名对方队员
或者
最后两名对方队员
平齐时，没有在越位位置上
A player in an offside position at the moment the ball is played or touched* by a team-mate is only penalised on becoming involved in active play by:
interfering with play by playing or touching a ball passed or touched by a team-mate or interfering with an opponent by:
一个处在越位位置上的队员只有当主动控制被队友传过来或者碰过的球
或者 试图做出以下行为
才会被吹罚越位犯规
preventing an opponent from playing or being able to play the ball by clearly obstructing the opponent’s line of vision orchallenging an opponent for the ball orclearly attempting to play a ball which is close when this action impacts on an opponent ormaking an obvious action which clearly impacts on the ability of an opponent to play the ball明显通过阻挡对手的视线来阻止对方控球或者对方能够控制的球同对手抢夺球明显尝试去控制近距离的球而这个动作影响到对手时明显动作直接影响了对手控球的能力or
gaining an advantage by playing the ball or interfering with an opponent when it has:rebounded or been deflected off the goalpost, crossbar or an opponentbeen deliberately saved by any opponent利用这种优势（指身处越位位置）去干扰对手或者控制球：
从门柱、横梁或者对手反弹回来的球能够被任何对手救下来的球A player in an offside position receiving the ball from an opponent who deliberately plays the ball, including by deliberate handball, is not considered to have gained an advantage, unless it was a deliberate save by any opponent.
一个身处越位位置的队员接到对手蓄意动作后的球，包括故意手球，都不应该被视为利用优势，除非这是任意对手的救球。
A ‘save’ is when a player stops, or attempts to stop, a ball which is going into or very close to the goal with any part of the body except the hands/arms (unless the goalkeeper within the penalty area).
救球是指一个球员用手或手臂之外的部分阻止或者想要阻止一个得分或者一个非常可能的得分（守门员在禁区内当然可以用手或手臂）
In situations where:
这些情况例外
a player moving from, or standing in, an offside position is in the way of an opponent and interferes with the movement of the opponent towards the ball this is an offside offence if it impacts on the ability of the opponent to play or challenge for the ball; if the player moves into the way of an opponent and impedes the opponents progress (e.g blocks the opponent) the offence should be penalised under Law 12一个处在越位位置的球员，如果在越位位置或者因为离开越位位置的动作影响了对手控制球，则判罚越位犯规；如果球员影响了对方向球的正常动作，或者站在向球的路线上，那要根据12章的规定来判罚
a player in an offside position is moving towards the ball with the intention of playing the ball and is fouled before playing or attempting to play the ball, or challenging an opponent for the ball, the foul is penalised as it has occurred before the offside offence一个处在越位位置的球员在奔向球试图控制球或者控制球的时候被对方侵犯的时候，要先被判罚该犯规（译者补：因为越位发生在对方侵犯之后）
an offence is committed against a player in an offside position who is already playing or attempting to play the ball, or challenging an opponent for the ball, the offside offence is penalised as it has occurred before the foul challenge一个处在越位位置的球员在控制球或者试图控制球之后被对方犯规，则需要先判罚越位犯规。
*The first point of contact of the play or touch of the ball should be used
首先要明确对球的控制或者接触
No offence
There is no offside offence if a player receives the ball directly from:
a goal kicka throw-ina corner kick这些情况下没有越位：
球门球界外球角球Offences and sanctions
If an offside offence occurs, the referee awards an indirect free kick where the offence occurred, including if it is in the player’s own half of the field of play.
当一个越位犯规被判罚后，裁判应该判罚一个间接任意球
在越位发生地，包括在犯规球员的半场内
A defending player who leaves the field of play without the referee’s permission shall be considered to be on the goal line or touchline for the purposes of offside until the next stoppage in play or until the defending team has played the ball towards the halfway line and it is outside its penalty area. If the player left the field of play deliberately, the player must be cautioned when the ball is next out of play.一个防守球员在未经裁判允许的情况下离开球场，他应该被认定为在球门线上，直到下一个比赛暂停或者守方将球被踢向中场线而球离开大禁区
之后。如果这名球员蓄意离开（指因为这个动作而获得利益），这个球员会被出示黄牌。（译者补：攻方也一样的）
An attacking playermay step or stay off the field of play not to be involved in active play. If the player re-enters from the goal line and becomes involved in play before the next stoppage in play, or the defending team has played the ball towards the halfway line and it is outside its penalty area, the player shall be considered to be positioned on the goal line for the purposes of offside. A player who deliberately leaves the field of play and re-enters without the referee’s permission and is not penalised for offside and gains an advantage, must be cautioned.
If an attacking player remains stationary between the goalposts and inside the goal as the ball enters the goal, a goal must be awarded unless the player commits an offside offence or Law 12 offence in which case play is restarted with an indirect or direct free kick.如果一个进攻球员在得分时，在球门柱和球网之内保持不动。该得分应被判罚有效，除非这个球员触犯了越位犯规和12章规定的犯规的规定。这种情况（指触犯犯规）应该给守方一个间接任意球。
