罗曼努斯一世·利卡潘努斯 （Romanos I Lekapenos）
Romanos I Lekapenos or Lakapenos (Greek: Ρωμανός Α΄ Λακαπηνός, Rōmanos I Lakapēnos; c. 870 – June 15, 948), Latinized as Romanus I Lecapenus, was an Armenian who became a Byzantine naval commander and reigned as Byzantine Emperor from 920 until his deposition on December 16, 944.
罗曼努斯一世·利卡潘努斯或拉卡潘努斯（希腊语：Ρωμανός Α΄ Λακαπηνός，Rōmanos I Lakapēnos；大概公元870年-948年6月15日），拉丁语为Romanus I Lecapenus，他是一名亚美尼亚人，后成为拜占庭海军指挥官，他于公元920年到公元944年12月16日被废黜前是拜占庭帝国的皇帝。
出身（Origin）
Romanos Lekapenos, born in Lakape (later Laqabin) between Melitene and Samosata (hence the name), was the son of an Armenian peasant with the remarkable name of Theophylact the Unbearable (Theophylaktos Abastaktos). Theophylact, as a soldier, had rescued the Emperor Basil I from the enemy in battle at Tephrike and had been rewarded by a place in the Imperial Guard.
罗曼努斯·利卡潘努斯出生于梅利泰内和撒摩撒他之间的拉卡普（后称为拉卡宾，利卡潘努斯因地得名），他是一名亚美尼亚农民的儿子，父亲名叫“难以忍受的”（绰号）塞奥非拉克特（即塞奥非拉克特·阿巴斯托克托斯）。塞奥非拉克特作为一名士兵,曾在特弗瑞克战役中从敌人手中救出了皇帝巴西尔一世，作为奖赏，他得到了帝国禁卫军的一个职位。
Although he did not receive any refined education (for which he was later abused by his son-in-law Constantine VII), Romanos advanced through the ranks of the army during the reign of Emperor Leo VI the Wise. In 911 he was general of the naval theme of Samos and later served as admiral of the fleet (droungarios tou ploimou). In this capacity he was supposed to participate in the Byzantine operations against Bulgaria on the Danube in 917, but he was unable to carry out his mission. In the aftermath of the disastrous Byzantine defeat at the Battle of Acheloos in 917 by the Bulgarians, Romanos sailed to Constantinople, where he gradually overcame the discredited regency of Empress Zoe Karvounopsina and her supporter Leo Phokas.
虽然他没有接受过任何完整的教育（为此他后来受到他女婿君士坦丁七世的羞辱），罗曼努斯在皇帝“智者”利奥六世统治期间，在军队中的地位得到了晋升。公元911年，他是萨摩斯海军军区的将军，后来担任海军上将。公元917年，他本应该以这个身份参加帝国在多瑙河针对保加利亚的军事行动，但他未能履行自己的使命。公元917年，拜占庭帝国在阿奇洛斯和保加利亚的战役遭遇了惨败，罗曼努斯随后乘船前往君士坦丁堡，在那里他逐渐战胜了声名狼藉的摄政佐伊·卡波诺普西娜皇后和她的支持者利奥·福卡斯。
掌权（Rise to power）
On 25 March 919, at the head of his fleet, Lekapenos seized the Boukoleon Palace and the reins of government. Initially, he was named magistros and megas hetaireiarches, but he moved swiftly to consolidate his position: in April 919 his daughter Helena was married to Constantine VII, and Lekapenos assumed the new title basileopator; on 24 September, he was named Caesar; and on 17 December 919, Romanos Lekapenos was crowned senior emperor.
公元919年3月25日，在他的舰队的协助下，利卡潘努斯夺取了博科雷昂宫和帝国的控制权。最初，他被命名为首席大臣和名义上的雇佣军统帅，但他迅速地巩固了自己的地位：公元919年4月，他的女儿海伦娜嫁给了君士坦丁七世。而利卡潘努斯则获得了新头衔“皇父”；9月24日，他成为凯撒；9月17日，罗曼努斯·利卡潘努斯加冕为高级皇帝。
In subsequent years Romanos crowned his own sons co-emperors, Christopher in 921, Stephen and Constantine in 924, although, for the time being, Constantine VII was regarded as first in rank after Romanos himself. It is notable that, as he left Constantine untouched, he was called the gentle usurper. Romanos strengthened his position by marrying his daughters to members of the powerful aristocratic families of Argyros and Mouseles, by recalling the deposed patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, and by putting an end to the conflict with the Papacy over the four marriages of Emperor Leo VI.
在接下来的几年中，罗曼努斯将自己的亲生儿子加冕为共治皇帝，公元921年是克里斯托弗，公元924年则为斯蒂芬和君士坦丁，尽管当时君士坦丁七世被认为是仅次于罗曼努斯本人的第一皇帝。值得注意的是，当他没有触及君士坦丁利益的时候，他被认为是“温和的篡位者”。罗曼努斯通过将他的女儿们与有势力的贵族家庭阿吉罗斯和穆斯琉斯结为秦晋，召回被废黜的大牧首尼古拉·米斯特斯，以及结束与罗马教皇在利奥六世皇帝四次婚姻中发生的冲突，通过这些措施来巩固自己的地位。
His early reign saw several conspiracies to topple him, which led to the successive dismissal of his first paradynasteuontes, John the Rhaiktor and John Mystikos. From 925 and until the end of his reign, the post was occupied by the chamberlain Theophanes.
他早年的统治遭遇了好几次意图推翻他统治的阴谋，导致他的第一paradynasteuontes约翰·拉克托尔和约翰·米斯特斯相继被解职。从公元925年到他统治结束，这个职位一直由内臣塞奥发尼斯担任。
与保加利亚的战与和（War and peace with Bulgaria）
Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927
公元913年-927年 拜占庭-保加利亚战争
The first major challenge faced by the new emperor was the war with Bulgaria, which had been re-ignited by the regency of Zoe. The rise to power of Romanos had curtailed the plans of Simeon I of Bulgaria for a marital alliance with Constantine VII, and Romanos was determined to deny the unpopular concession of imperial recognition to Simeon, which had already toppled two imperial governments. Consequently, the first four years of Romanos reign were spent in warfare against Bulgaria. Although Simeon generally had the upper hand, he was unable to gain a decisive advantage because of the impregnability of Constantinoples walls. In 924, when Simeon had once again blockaded the capital by land, Romanos succeeded in opening negotiations. Meeting Simeon in person at Kosmidion, Romanos criticized Simeons disregard for tradition and Orthodox Christian brotherhood and supposedly shamed him into coming to terms and lifting the siege. In reality, this was accomplished by Romanos tacit recognition of Simeon as emperor of Bulgaria. Relations were subsequently marred by continued wrangling over titles (Simeon called himself emperor of the Romans as well), but peace had been effectively established.
新皇帝面临的头一个重大挑战是与保加利亚的战争，佐伊的摄政重新点燃了这场战争。罗曼努斯的崛起使保加利亚的西蒙一世与君士坦丁七世联姻的计划受阻，罗曼努斯决心拒绝承认帝国对西蒙的不得人心的妥协，因为西蒙已经前后颠覆了帝国的两个政府。因此，罗曼努斯统治的头四年是在与保加利亚的战争中度过的。虽然西蒙总体上占了上风，但由于君士坦丁堡城墙的坚不可摧，他无法取得决定性的优势。公元924年，当西蒙再次从陆路封锁首都时，罗曼努斯成功地开展了谈判。罗曼努斯在科斯米迪翁亲自会晤西蒙，他批评西蒙无视传统和东正教的兄弟情谊，据说这使西蒙感到羞愧，迫使他接受现实，最后解除了围困。然而事实上，这一结果是罗曼努斯默许了西蒙为保加利亚皇帝才达成的。虽然后来两国关系因头衔之争而遭受破坏(西蒙也自称罗马皇帝)，但实际上已经建立了和平。
On the death of Simeon in May 927, Bulgarias new emperor, Peter I, made a show of force by invading Byzantine Thrace, but he showed himself ready to negotiate for a more permanent peace. Romanos seized the occasion and proposed a marriage alliance between the imperial houses of Byzantium and Bulgaria, at the same time renewing the Serbian-Byzantine alliance with Časlav of Serbia, returning independence the same year. In September 927 Peter arrived before Constantinople and married Maria (renamed Eirene, "Peace"), the daughter of his eldest son and co-emperor Christopher, and thus Romanos granddaughter. On this occasion Christopher received precedence in rank over his brother-in-law Constantine VII, something which compounded the latters resentment towards the Lekapenoi, the Bulgarians, and imperial marriages to outsiders (as documented in his composition De Administrando Imperio). From this point on, Romanos government was free from direct military confrontation with Bulgaria. Although Byzantium would tacitly support a Serbian revolt against Bulgaria in 931, and the Bulgarians would allow Magyar raids across their territory into Byzantine possessions, Byzantium and Bulgaria remained at peace for 40 years, until Sviatoslavs invasion of Bulgaria.
公元927年5月，西蒙死后，保加利亚的新皇帝彼得一世开始入侵拜占庭的色雷斯，以显示自己的武力，但同时他也表明自己准备为更持久的和平进行谈判的愿望。罗曼努斯抓住这个机会，提议拜占庭帝国和保加利亚联姻，同时恢复了拜占庭与塞尔维亚的察斯拉夫‧卡罗尼米洛维奇的联盟，同年恢复其独立。在彼得于公元927年9月抵达君士坦丁堡之前，玛丽亚嫁给了他（更名为伊林娜，意为“和平”），后者是其长子、共治皇帝克里斯托弗的女儿，也是罗曼努斯的孙女。就这样，克里斯托弗这次比姐夫君士坦丁七世上更享有优先地位，这加深了君士坦丁对利卡潘努斯与保加利亚人外来者的皇室婚姻不满（如他的著作《帝国行政论》所记载）。从那时起，罗曼努斯政府不再与保加利亚发生直接的军事冲突。尽管拜占庭帝国在公元931年默许了塞尔维亚人对保加利亚的反抗，保加利亚人也允许马扎尔人突袭他们的领土并通过进入拜占庭的领地，但是拜占庭和保加利亚保持了40年的和平，直到斯维亚托斯拉夫入侵保加利亚。
东部战役（Campaigns in the East）
Romanos appointed the brilliant general John Kourkouas commander of the field armies (domestikos ton scholon) in the East. John Kourkouas subdued a rebellion in the theme of Chaldia and intervened in Armenia in 924. From 926 Kourkouas campaigned across the eastern frontier against the Abbasids and their vassals, and won an important victory at Melitene in 934. The capture of this city is often considered the first major Byzantine territorial recovery from the Muslims.
罗曼努斯任命杰出的约翰·库尔库亚斯将军为东线野战军的指挥官。公元924年，约翰·库尔库亚斯镇压了查尔迪亚军区叛乱，并干涉了亚美尼亚。从公元926年开始，库尔库亚斯在东部边境与阿拔斯王朝及其仆从国作战，并于公元934年在梅利泰内取得大捷。这座城市的占领通常被人们认为是拜占庭从穆斯林手中收复的第一块重要领土。
In 941, while most of the army under Kourkouas was absent in the East, a fleet of 15 old ships under the protovestiarios Theophanes had to defend Constantinople from a Kievan raid. The invaders were defeated at sea, through the use of Greek fire, and again at land, when they landed in Bithynia, by the returning army under Kourkouas. In 944 Romanos concluded a treaty with Prince Igor of Kiev. This crisis having passed, Kourkouas was free to return to the eastern frontier.
公元941年，当库尔库亚斯治下的大部分军队都不在东部的时候，一支由15艘旧船组成的舰队不得不在基辅发动的一次突袭中由首席内府使臣塞奥发尼斯的领导下保卫君士坦丁堡。入侵者在海上被希腊火击溃，入侵者在登陆比提尼亚时再次被库尔库亚斯率领的返回的大军击败。公元944年，罗曼努斯与基辅的伊戈尔王子签订了一项条约。这场危机过去后，库尔库亚斯自由地返回东部边境。
In 943 Kourkouas invaded northern Mesopotamia and besieged the important city of Edessa in 944. As the price for his withdrawal, Kourkouas obtained one of Byzantiums most prized relics, the mandylion, the holy towel allegedly sent by Jesus Christ to King Abgar V of Edessa. John Kourkouas, although considered by some of his contemporaries "a second Trajan or Belisarius," was dismissed after the fall of the Lekapenoi in 945. Nevertheless, his campaigns in the East paved the way for the even more dramatic reconquests in the middle and the second half of the 10th century.
公元943年库尔库亚斯入侵美索不达米亚北部，944年包围了重要城市埃德萨。作为撤退的代价，库尔库亚斯得到了拜占庭最珍贵的文物之一——曼迪罗圣像，据说是耶稣基督送给埃德萨国王阿布加五世的圣巾。约翰·库尔库亚斯，虽然被他的一些同时代人认为是“第二个图拉真或贝利萨留”，但他后来在公元945年利卡潘努斯倒台后失势。尽管如此，他在东部的战役为10世纪中期和后半叶更引人注目的征服铺平了道路。
内政（Internal policies）
Romanos I Lekapenos attempted to strengthen the Byzantine Empire by seeking peace everywhere that it was possible—his dealings with Bulgaria and Kievan Rus have been described above. To protect Byzantine Thrace from Magyar incursions (such as the ones in 934 and 943), Romanos paid them protection money and pursued diplomatic venues. The Khazars were the allies of the Byzantines until the reign of Romanos, when he started persecuting the Jews of the empire. According to the Schechter Letter, the Khazar ruler Joseph responded to the persecution of Jews by "doing away with many Christians", and Romanos retaliated by inciting Oleg of Novgorod (called Helgu in the letter) against Khazaria.
罗曼努斯一世·利卡潘努斯试图通过在任何可能的地方寻求和平来巩固拜占庭帝国，即上文已描述的他与保加利亚和基辅罗斯的达成的交涉。为了保护拜占庭的色雷斯不受马扎尔人的袭击(比如公元934年和943年的入侵)，罗曼诺斯支付给他们保护费并寻求外交途径。可萨人直到罗曼努斯统治时期之前还是拜占庭的盟友，因为他开始迫害帝国境内的犹太人。根据谢克特的信，可萨统治者约瑟夫对犹太人的迫害的回应是“去消灭大量的基督徒”，而罗曼努斯则通过煽动诺夫哥罗德的奥列格(信中称赫尔古)反对可萨人。
Similarly, Romanos re-established peace within the church and overcame the new conflict between Rome and Constantinople by promulgating the Tomos of Union in 920. In 933 Romanos took advantage of a vacancy on the patriarchal throne to name his young son Theophylaktos patriarch of Constantinople. The new patriarch did not achieve renown for his piety and spirituality, but he added theatrical elements to the Byzantine liturgy and was an avid horse-breeder, allegedly leaving mass to tend to one of his favorite mares when she was giving birth.
同样地，罗曼努斯在教会内重建了和平，并通过公元920年颁布的《联合条约》克服了罗马和君士坦丁堡之间的新冲突。罗曼努斯利用了教区职位的空缺将自己年幼的儿子改名为塞奥非拉克特，让他担任君士坦丁堡大牧首。这位新牧首并没有因为他的虔诚和灵性而出名，相反他在拜占庭礼拜仪式中加入了戏剧性的元素，而且他还是一名狂热的马夫，据说当他最喜欢的母马分娩时，他都会离开人群去照顾它。
Romanos was active as a legislator, promulgating a series of laws to protect small landowners from being swallowed up by the estates of the land-owning nobility (dynatoi). The legislative reform may have been partly inspired by hardship caused by the famine of 927 and the subsequent semi-popular revolt of Basil the Copper Hand. The emperor also managed to increase the taxes levied on the aristocracy and established the state on a more secure financial footing. Romanos was also able to effectively subdue revolts in several provinces of the empire, most notably in Chaldia, the Peloponnese, and Southern Italy.
作为立法者,罗曼努斯显得十分活跃，他颁布了一系列法律，以保护小土地所有者不被土地贵族的庄园兼并。这次立法改革的部分灵感可能来自公元927年的饥荒和随后很波及很广的“铜手巴西尔”的民众起义。皇帝还设法增加了对贵族的税收，为国家建立了一个更安全的财政基础。罗曼努斯还有效地镇压了帝国几个地方的叛乱，最著名的是查尔迪亚、伯罗奔尼撒和意大利南部。
注：“dynatoi”字面意思为“强大的”，通常用于土地贵族，尤其是10世纪和11世纪他们争相让农民转让土地的时候。——《拜占庭简史》第510页，蒂莫西·E·格里高利著，刘智译，华东师范大学出版社。
In Constantinople, he built his palace in the place called Myrelaion, near the Sea of Marmara. Beside it he built a shrine which became the first example of a private burial church of a Byzantine emperor. Moreover, he erected a chapel devoted to Christ Chalkites near the Chalke Gate, the monumental entrance to the Great Palace.
在君士坦丁堡，他在靠近马尔马拉海的一个叫麦累雷恩的地方建造了他的宫殿。除此之外，他还建造了一座圣地，他是拜占庭帝国第一个以私人身份安葬在教堂的皇帝。此外，他还在查尔克门附近建立了一个专奉基督白垩像的附属教堂，查尔克门是通往大皇宫的标志性入口。
统治结束（End of the reign）
Romanos later reign was marked by the old emperors heightened interest in divine judgment and his increasing sense of guilt for his role in the usurpation of the throne from Constantine VII. On the death of Christopher, by far his most competent son, in 931, Romanos did not advance his younger sons in precedence over Constantine VII. Fearing that Romanos would allow Constantine VII to succeed him instead of them, his younger sons Stephen and Constantine arrested their father in December 944, carried him off to the Princes Islands and compelled him to become a monk. When they threatened the position of Constantine VII, however, the people of Constantinople revolted, and Stephen and Constantine were likewise stripped of their imperial rank and sent into exile to their father. Romanos died in June 948, and was buried as the other members of his family in the church of Myrelaion. Having lived long under constant threat of deposition -or worse- by the Lekapenoi family, Constantine VII was extremely resentful of them. In his De Administrando Imperio manual written for his son and successor, Romanus II, he minces no words about his late father-in-law: "the lord Romanus the Emperor was an idiot and an illiterate man, neither bred in the high imperial manner, nor following Roman custom from the beginning, nor of imperial or noble descent, and therefore the more rude and authoritarian in doing most things ... for his beliefs were uncouth, obstinate, ignorant of what is good, and unwilling to adhere to what is right and proper."
罗曼努斯后期统治的两大标志是：第一老皇帝对神的审判表现出非常浓厚的兴趣，第二他越发对自己在篡夺君士坦丁七世皇位中所扮演的不光彩的角色感到愧疚。公元931年，克里斯托弗去世，他是罗曼努斯最能干的儿子，在他死后，罗曼努斯并没有把年幼的儿子排在君士坦丁七世之前。由于担心罗曼努斯会让君士坦丁七世取代自己的位置，他的两个小儿子斯蒂芬和君士坦丁于公元944年12月逮捕了他们的父亲，把他流放到王子群岛，强迫他成为一名修道士。然而，正当他们在威逼君士坦丁七世的地位时，君士坦丁堡的人民起义了，斯蒂芬和君士坦丁也被剥夺了皇位，流放到他们的父亲那里。罗曼努斯于公元948年6月去世，和他的其他家人一起被安葬在麦累雷恩教堂。君士坦丁七世由于长期生活在利卡潘努斯家族的威胁之下，他经常处于被废黜的状态甚至情况更糟，因此他对他们深恶痛绝。在为他的儿子和继任者罗曼努斯二世编写的《帝国行政论》中，君士坦丁七世更是直言不讳地谈及已故的岳父:皇帝罗曼努斯是个白痴，是个文盲。他既没有养成高贵的帝王风度，最开始就没遵循罗马的习俗，更没有帝王或贵族血统，因此他在做大多数事情时就表现得更加粗鲁和专制......因为他的信仰是粗俗、固执的，他愚昧无知，是非不明，也不愿意去坚持正确的和适当的事。”
家庭（Family）
By his marriage to Theodora (who died in 922), Romanos had six children, including:
罗曼努斯与狄奥多拉(922年去世)结婚后，夫妻有了先后共生育了六个孩子，其中包括：
Christopher Lekapenos, co-emperor from 921 to 931, who was married to the Augusta Sophia and was the father of Maria (renamed Irene), who married Emperor Peter I of Bulgaria; Christophers son Michael Lekapenos may have been associated as co-emperor by his grandfather.
克里斯托弗·利卡潘努斯，公元921年-931年的共治皇帝。他迎娶了奥古斯塔·索菲亚，他是玛丽亚(后改名为伊琳娜)的父亲，玛丽亚嫁给了保加利亚皇帝彼得一世;克里斯托弗的儿子米海尔·利卡潘努斯可能是由于他祖父的关系被立为共治皇帝。
Stephen Lekapenos, co-emperor from 924 to 945, died 967.
斯蒂芬·利卡潘努斯，担任公元924年-945年的共治皇帝，死于967年。
Constantine Lekapenos, co-emperor from 924 to 945, died 946.
君士坦丁·利卡潘努斯，公元924年-945年的共治皇帝，死于946年
Theophylaktos Lekapenos, patriarch of Constantinople from 933 to 956.
塞奥非拉克特·利卡潘努斯，担任公元933年-945年的君士坦丁堡大牧首
Helena Lekapene, who married Emperor Constantine VII.
海伦娜，嫁给皇帝君士坦丁七世。
Agatha Lekapene, who married Romanos Argyros; their grandson was Emperor Romanos III.
阿加莎·利卡潘努斯，后嫁给罗曼努斯·阿吉罗斯，他们的孙子是皇帝罗曼努斯三世。
Romanos also had an illegitimate son, the eunuch Basil, who remained influential at court, particularly during the period 976–985.
罗曼努斯还有一个私生子，名叫巴西尔。他是一名宦官。巴西尔在宫廷中仍然相当的影响力，尤其是在公元976年至985年期间。
全文翻译自维基百科英文版https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos?wprov=sfti1
